“Gordon” (not his real name) is an adoptee who recently contacted me to help decipher a new DNA match named Rafael. Another genealogist had previously identified Gordon’s birth mother. Based on her family tree, Rafael should have been a first cousin once removed (1C1R) through Gordon’s birth mother, but the amount of shared DNA was unusually high at 762 cM. Another maternal 1C1R, Beryl, shared 997 cM, which is beyond the known range for that relationship. Something unexpected was clearly afoot.
My first thought was that Gordon’s parents were related to one another. I ran his DNA results through the Are Your Parents Related (AYPR, for short) tool at GEDmatch, and indeed they were. Closely.
The ‘Are Your Parents Related’ Tool
AYPR looks for so-called runs of homozygosity (ROH), which is a geeky way of saying ‘sections of DNA that were inherited from both parents’. ROH are not uncommon in people from endogamous populations, where spouses are often distant cousins to one another. For example, my mother is Cajun, and this is a portion of her results:
She has a single ROH of 8.3 cM. It’s the solid yellow chunk on chromosome 2 in the image above. Kitty Cooper shared a great rule of thumb in a recent blog post about AYPR: multiply the total amount of ROH by four to get an estimate of how closely related the parents are. In my mom’s case, 8.3 x 4 = 33.2. Her parents were, in fact, fourth cousins to one another, which fits the amount of ROH pretty well.
That’s not what was going on with Gordon, though. His AYPR results look like this:
All told, he had 20 ROH segments totaling 791.9 cM. Using Kitty’s multiplier, 791.9 x 4 = 3167.6 cM, suggesting that his parents were full siblings to one another. Or father–daughter. It was a shock.
Gordon is a man with intrinsic grace, and he took the news well. He feels blessed to belong to his adoptive family. He is healthy. And these results explained the message relayed by the adoption agency: His birth mother declined contact with Gordon because the experience was too painful for her.
After some time to process, Gordon decided that he wanted to know who his birth father was. And since he did not want to intrude on his birth mother to ask, we took another approach.
Gordon’s Biological Family
Gordon’s biological mother was Helene Mills, born in 1942. Helene’s parents were Oscar Mills and Florence Mattieson. Florence died when Helene was only 7 years old.
Helene has two older brothers, Chris and Tony, and one younger brother, Michael. Grandchildren of two of her siblings have tested; those are the matches that first tipped me off that Gordon’s parents might be related. The numbers below Rafael’s and Beryl’s names indicate how much DNA they share with Gordon (total cM / number of segments), and the color indicates the testing company (green for AncestryDNA; red for FTDNA, with segments below 7 cM excluded).
From a purely genetic standpoint, there are four possibilities for Gordon’s biological father: Helene’s father Oscar or one of her brothers, Chris, Tony, or Michael. We can eliminate two of those brothers as candidates based on other evidence, though.
Gordon was probably conceived in December 1957, when Helene was 15 years old and Michael was only 13. Michael is unlikely to be Gordon’s father given his age at the time.
Rafael is Chris’ grandson, and he shares 762 cM with Gordon. If Chris were Gordon’s father, Rafael would be Gordon’s half nephew through Chris (average, ≈850 cM) plus Gordon’s first cousin once remove through Helene (average, ≈425 cM). If this were the case, Gordon and Rafael would share much more DNA than they do. Thus, we can rule Chris out, too.
Only Oscar and Tony remain as possible candidates to be Gordon’s birth father.
I considered three factors in answering Gordon’s question:
- The number of ROH Gordon has.
- The total amounts of DNA Gordon shares with his DNA matches.
- Whether Gordon’s ROH segments are shared with paternal relatives, maternal ones, or both.
Number of ROH
Our DNA is packaged into units called chromosomes. We have 22 pairs of so-called autosomal chromosomes, plus one set of sex-determining chromosomes, the X and the Y. (Most genetic women have two copies of the X chromosome, while most genetic men have one X and one Y.)
A child inherits one copy of autosomal DNA from each parent, for a total of two copies of each one. Each copy in a pair contains the same sets of genes, but usually different versions of those genes. That is, the copy of chromosome 3 from the mother is not genetically identical to the copy of chromosome 3 from the father. (Think of gene versions like recipes: your apple pie recipe might be different from mine, but they both make apple pie.)
When close relatives have a child together, some segments of DNA will be genetically identical on both copies. These are the ROH we saw in Gordon’s AYPR results above. The total of ROH is a measure of how closely Gordon is related to himself through his two parents. Unfortunately, the total cannot distinguish between a father–daughter scenario and a brother–sister one.
With every generational step, DNA segments along each chromosome get broken down in size in a process called “crossing over”. Because there are more generational steps in the brother–sister scenario than in the father–daughter one, we would expect the former to result in more ROH segments on average than the latter, regardless of the total amount of shared DNA. If we know how many segments of DNA to expect in each case, we can compare Gordon’s actual number of ROH segments (20) to the expectations.
Dr. Andrew Millard is a professor at Durham University in the UK. He has developed a computer program that can simulate genealogical scenarios, and he generously agreed to do some simulations for Gordon’s situation. Simulations allow us to compare Gordon’s results to thousands of similar cases, even when we don’t have access to that many real-life data points.
First, consider the total amount of ROH and the number of ROH segments for the child of a father–daughter pairing versus a brother–sister one. The simulated data shows that the total amount of ROH in centimorgans is essentially indistinguishable in the two cases (left-hand image), but a father–daughter pairing will results in fewer ROH segments, on average (right-hand image).
Although there is a lot of overlap between the two scenarios on the right, when there are fewer ROH segments, the evidence weighs more heavily toward father–daughter, and when there are more ROH segments, it weighs more heavily toward brother–sister.
The blue arrow in the right-hand figure points to 20 ROH segments, the number in Gordon’s results. The figure suggests that it’s about 13 times more likely that Gordon’s parents were father–daughter than brother–sister.
DNA Shared with Other Matches
We can also consider how much DNA Gordon would be expected to share with his genetic cousins under each scenario. The figure below shows Gordon’s relationships to his closest known DNA matches.
Gordon’s direct line is in black bold text, and the people in red font appear twice in the tree. (Debbie is related to Gordon through both his Mills/Walton side and his Mattieson side). As before, the shading indicates where the match tested.
If Tony is Gordon’s father, the matches on the Mattieson side are double cousins rather than single cousins, because Gordon would be the grandchild of Florence Mattieson twice. On the other hand, if Oscar is Gordon’s father, Gordon’s DNA should reflect the fact that Oscar is more closely related to the matches on the Walton/Mills side than Tony is. The distinctions are subtle, however, which is why we must use simulations and evaluate all of Gordon’s matches as a whole.
For this analysis, Dr. Millard performed a bespoke simulation based on the relationships outlined above and then plotted the expected distributions of shared DNA amount for each of Gordon’s matches. As before, we can compare the real numbers (shown with blue arrows in the figures below) to the expected distributions to get a sense of which scenario is more likely.
Two of Gordon’s matches, Beryl (997 cM) and Rafael (762 cM), are grandchildren of Helene’s siblings. If Tony is Gordon’s father, each of them is a double first cousin once removed, once through Helene (average ≈425 cM) and once through Tony (average ≈425 cM). If Oscar is Gordon’s father, each of them would be a first cousin once removed through Helene (average ≈425 cM) and a half great nephew/niece through Oscar (average ≈425 cM). In both scenarios, the average is expected to be roughly 850 cM (425 + 425) of shared DNA.
The simulations confirm that the shared DNA amounts are the same regardless of which scenario applies; neither Rafael nor Beryl helps to answer Gordon’s question.
For Gordon’s other matches, the amounts of shared DNA have different distributions under the two scenarios. Although the distributions overlap, in each case, there are centimorgan amounts for which the father–daughter scenario is more likely (where the solid green line is higher than the dashed red one) and others for which the brother–sister scenario is more likely (vice versa).
In Gordon’s case, every one of these cousin matches shares a DNA amount that favors the father–daughter possibility. Dr. Millard calculated that it’s 85 times more likely that Gordon’s parents were father–daughter than brother–sister based on these DNA matches.
Mapping of ROH Segments
Runs of homozygosity are segments of DNA that are inherited from both parents who, in turn, inherited the segments from their parents. If Tony is Gordon’s father, roughly half of Gordon’s ROH should be segments that both Helene and Tony inherited from their father Oscar and roughly half should be segments that they both inherited from their mother Florence. In that case, we should be able to find relatives on Florence’s side who match Gordon on those ROH segments. If Oscar is Gordon’s father, none of Gordon’s ROH should map to Mattieson cousins (although some non-ROH regions will map to those relatives).
Of Gordon’s 20 ROH, I was able to map five to known relatives. All of them are related to Gordon on the Mills side. The odds of this happening by chance are only 3.125%, indicating that it’s 32 times more likely that Oscar was Gordon’s father than Tony.
Conclusions
I analyzed Gordon’s DNA results three different ways, and all three ways supported the scenario that Oscar was Gordon’s father. The father–daughter pairing was 13 times more likely given the number of ROH segments, 85 times more likely considering how much DNA Gordon shares with his cousin matches, and 32 times more likely when ROH segments were mapped to the ancestors Gordon share with Gordon’s DNA matches. Overall, it’s about 35,000 times more likely that Oscar was Gordon’s father than Tony.
Implications for Physical and Mental Health
Discovering that your parents were closely related can be a shock, even though the child of such a pairing is never to blame. This brochure, written specifically for people who discover they have high levels of ROH, refers you to resources that may be helpful. https://www.watersheddna.com/highrohinfosheet
Runs of homozygosity can sometimes lead to medical conditions. Normally, we have two variant copies of each gene, so if one copy is defective or less functional than average, the other copy can usually compensate, and the individual is healthy. Within ROHs, both copies of each gene are identical, so if one copy is defective, so is the other. There is no “backup”. Of course, it is also possible that both copies will be fine and the person will have no adverse effects.
Having high levels of ROH is not a guarantee of medical problems; it just increases the chances. Your doctor will be able to advise you if you have concerns.
Because ROHs only occur when a child’s parents are related, medical conditions that arise are not likely to be passed on to the next generation. In other words, Gordon’s own children and grandchildren will not have an increased risk of genetic conditions as long as Gordon’s spouse is not related to him. While Gordon may have two identical versions of Gene A, Gordon’s children will have inherited one version of Gene A from him and one from his wife, so even if his copies are faulty, the one they inherited from their mother can compensate.
If you discover that you have high ROH levels and have additional questions, you may wish to consult a genetic counselor. This brochure can direct you to resources that will help.
Acknowledgements
Gordon’s story was shared with his permission. To protect the family’s privacy, all given names were changed to tropical cyclone names from the U.S. National Hurricane Center, and the surnames were made up. Dr. Millard generously contributed his time and expertise to the case and pointed out that ROH could be mapped to cousins as evidence for who Gordon’s father was.
Updates
2 November 2021 — Clarified information on the sex-determining chromosomes.
Hi Leah,
What a fascinating, and troubling story. Thank you for sharing it. The charts really help.
Thank you so much.
I have a very similar case (I’m working) but with much closer matches, including BM (deceased) full sister and MANY first cousins from both sides of the family.
Is this process transferable to the case I’m working?
If you’re trying to decide between father–daughter and brother–sister, you can count up the number of segments and compare to the simulated data from Dr. Millard. (You’ll have to count up the segments manually, because sometimes GEDmatch will artificially break up a single long segment into two or three smaller ones. Ignore anything less than 7 cM.) You can also use the strategy of mapping the ROH segments to cousins on the grandmother’s side. The other simulations were bespoke, meaning that they were custom done for Gordon’s family tree.
Thank you!
My husband (an engineer) is building a spreadsheet, using the adult child and first cousin from maternal side. I’m going to contact a first cousin from paternal side and see if he would be willing to update to GedMatch, IF you think that would be helpful.
Thanks again.
If you suspect that the parents were related, then yes, I recommend running the AYPR tool at GEDmatch.
I ran the AYPR tool many months ago. It was confirmed already that it’s either her father or her brother.
Once the results of a full sibling to the deceased BM came in, I’ve been trying to get help with this. I’ve not had the tools to resolve this mystery.
Are you still seeking help?
The real complication with Gordon’s tree was Debbie who is related through both Oscar and Florence, but more remotely through Oscar. It sounds like the two sides in your case are separate and if you have lots of first cousin matches on both sides it should be relatively easy to map the ROH to one side or the other.
Wonderful example, well done. A perfect case study that teaches a lot.
Thank you Leah for publishing this. We covered this topic in the Advanced DNA class I just finished at GRIP. It’s terrific to see a real life example, and the steps you took to come to your conclusion.
I’m so glad that people are being trained to interpret these cases.
A very interesting and detailed analysis. Well done by both you and Andrew!
Wow! I have some surprises on my family tree, but nothing like that. As troubling as that is, I’m sure he has decided as we did that what is, is, and since you can’t change it, you might as well not worry about it.
You’re absolutely right: Someone with high ROH bears no responsibility and shouldn’t feel guilty over their origins. Some people may need time and counseling to get to that acceptance, though. I would also encourage anyone with high levels of ROH to consult their doctor and possibly a genetic counselor, so potential problems can be addressed early.
The surprises we got were not ROH relationships, but were definitely unexpected. In any case, it takes a while to come to terms with it, but probably longer in a case like this. I am not using my full name as we agreed not to tell generations younger than my children at this time, or anyone outside the immediate family.
My husband has completed a spread sheet that compares the adoptee and a maternal first cousin.
“I created a spreadsheet with the following information:
– The adoptee’s ROH segments
– The segments shared between the adoptee and a maternal first cousin
I included only those chromosomes that contain both ROH and Shared segments.
I then looked for matching segments between the ROH segments and the Shared Segments. For most chromosomes, there’s no matching segments. For some chromosomes, however, there are some segments that match. ”
I’d love to be able to send you this (excel) spreadsheet (identities hidden) to review and tell us what your thoughts are. Is that possible?
In Gordon’s case, I used Genome Mate Pro. I had Gordon’s matching segments from FTDNA and GEDmatch, and I tweaked the AYPR output so that I could import the ROH as if they were another match to him. That made it easy to find matching segments that overlapped the ROH.
Yes, please. I need a second opinion and an understanding of what the threshold is for enough shared ROH segments to rule out BM’s father. The comparison is with a maternal 1C.
Let me say this, to Lee it simple. There are ROH segments shared between the adoptee and his maternal 1C. Does this rule out the father? Thank you for your guidance.
If the 1C matches the adoptee where the adoptee has ROH (and if those matching segments are sufficiently large, of course), then the adoptee’s maternal grandfather is not his/her father.
We need to be very careful about terminology here. Leah and I had some issues of interpretation when we were discussing Gordon’s case. To whom is the ‘maternal 1C’ a 1C? What you need to compare are relatives of the mother’s father and relatives of the mother’s mother. If the mother’s father is the child’s father, then the ROH will only map to his relatives. If the mother’s brother is the child’s father, then the ROH will map to relatives of both the mother’s father and the mother’s mother. One ROH mapped to a mother’s mother’s relative indicates the brother, but you need multiple mappings to the mother’s father’s side to be sure that the mother’s father is the child’s father.
Fair enough, Andrew. 🙂
I’m reluctant to post much more in a public forum. Here goes:
AYPR results were confirmed that adoptee’s (CM not cM) birth parents were first degree relatives in March 2018. A full sister to suspected BM was tested and shared 2,557 cM with CM. Two weeks ago CM received his original birth. cert. confirming the BM name. BF was listed as “unknown”.
Shared ROH segments were from BM maternal line. I’ve requested a Ancestry tester from BM paternal 1C line to upload to GedMatch.
There are many first cousin matches to CM on BM maternal line.
BM maternal 1C DNA matches to adoptee are as follows (cM):
1. 862
2. 780
3. 707
4. 702
5. 681
6. 598
These 1C matches came from every BM maternal branch siblings children.
The BM paternal 1C match with CM at 652 cM.
All family trees are well documented. Also, these cousins know each other and have reunions on a regular basis.
Only surviving male siblings to BM are both far too young to be possible candidates as BF. The only older brother was 18 years old to BM 15 years old at time of adoptees conception.
BM father was a fraternal twin. Adoptee was born a twin. His twin died at 2 1/2 months old in a foster home. Twin’s death cert. lists birth date is identical to CM. Twin has same surname as BM. Twin’s death cert. lists mother “unknown”. Informant for twin’s death cert. was listed as foster parent. Adoptee, CM was also in a foster home before being adopted. It’s unknown if adoptee was in same foster home.
Additionally there is another adoptee (RL) who’s the child of one of the surviving male siblings to CM’s BM. RL is a female that I’ve been able to help her find and reunite with her BM. This adoptee shares 1,300 cM with CM.
I hope that is enough information.
Thank you for any assistance on this very sensitive subject.
Julie, I suggest you email me and we take this discussion out of the public eye. My gmail.com address is millardnz.
What if the relatives on the mother’s side… is more complexe. My mom’s real biological mother’s brother actually maried his first cousin and their mom, my mom’s grand-mother, her parents were also cousins (but I think once removed). So all of my mom’s cousins on her mother’s side are also related to her mom’s father in a way. Her mother also had a sister who had a child and this child had a son who links with my mother. There are distant cousins (great grand children to the mom’s father) with DNA in different databases. Is it even possible to tell who the father is?
You both receive my standing applause for providing this much-needed information. Thank you.
Hi!
This article is helping me understand my own situation, somewhat similar to Gordon’s, but it looks like my data is not as clear cut as his. I am fine with posting my data here, hopefully you can point me in a direction?
Note that this utility requires the input file to be unzipped. If a zipped file is provided, the utility may appear to freeze.
File to be processed: AncestryDNA.txt
ROHs of length at least 200 will be reported.
No-Call runs of length at least 10 will be reported.
No-Calls will be treated as homozygous.
Heterozygous SNPs that are at least 150 SNPs away from the nearest heterozygous SNP will be treated as homozygous.
Chr 1 has a ROH of length 8328 from position 15194562 to position 47703400 (32.51 Mb) Chr 1 has a ROH of length 3756 from position 48004776 to position 62534225 (14.53 Mb) Chr 1 has a ROH of length 14712 from position 68480671 to position 154710904 (86.23 Mb) (1 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous) Chr 2 has a ROH of length 610 from position 11752635 to position 13916789 ( 2.16 Mb) Chr 2 has a ROH of length 2567 from position 225022528 to position 234942536 ( 9.92 Mb) Chr 3 has a ROH of length 6061 from position 54128575 to position 74391718 (20.26 Mb) Chr 3 has a ROH of length 3319 from position 115289876 to position 128218410 (12.93 Mb) Chr 3 has a ROH of length 2413 from position 185848147 to position 194666308 ( 8.82 Mb) Chr 4 has a ROH of length 3491 from position 16575046 to position 31739254 (15.16 Mb) Chr 4 has a ROH of length 3720 from position 131662676 to position 153583949 (21.92 Mb) Chr 5 has a ROH of length 3392 from position 38139 to position 9715924 ( 9.68 Mb) Chr 5 has a ROH of length 19117 from position 31759117 to position 125972624 (94.21 Mb) Chr 6 has a ROH of length 349 from position 26135498 to position 27036456 ( 0.90 Mb) Chr 6 has a ROH of length 2270 from position 106909194 to position 117684882 (10.78 Mb) Chr 6 has a ROH of length 9778 from position 136944063 to position 170919470 (33.98 Mb) Chr 7 has a ROH of length 484 from position 14283887 to position 15880136 ( 1.60 Mb) Chr 7 has a ROH of length 225 from position 19396641 to position 20123914 ( 0.73 Mb) Chr 7 has a ROH of length 1238 from position 151879438 to position 156063460 ( 4.18 Mb) Chr 8 has a ROH of length 4731 from position 129113456 to position 146293414 (17.18 Mb) Chr 9 has a ROH of length 3247 from position 2000062 to position 9499126 ( 7.50 Mb) Chr 9 has a ROH of length 7271 from position 90364627 to position 117696336 (27.33 Mb) Chr 9 has a ROH of length 1234 from position 136965553 to position 141066491 ( 4.10 Mb) Chr 10 has a ROH of length 4079 from position 10973316 to position 22822524 (11.85 Mb) Chr 10 has a ROH of length 6327 from position 53134556 to position 77454739 (24.32 Mb) Chr 10 has a ROH of length 1467 from position 115292438 to position 120326513 ( 5.03 Mb) Chr 10 has a ROH of length 3500 from position 126054225 to position 135477883 ( 9.42 Mb) Chr 11 has a ROH of length 2136 from position 198510 to position 6303396 ( 6.10 Mb) Chr 11 has a ROH of length 412 from position 13373764 to position 15163186 ( 1.79 Mb) (1 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous) Chr 11 has a ROH of length 233 from position 27984145 to position 29385080 ( 1.40 Mb) Chr 11 has a ROH of length 8092 from position 33394460 to position 71956583 (38.56 Mb) Chr 12 has a ROH of length 8123 from position 191619 to position 25992543 (25.80 Mb) (1 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous) Chr 12 has a ROH of length 203 from position 48272275 to position 48991637 ( 0.72 Mb) Chr 12 has a ROH of length 216 from position 86169662 to position 87922782 ( 1.75 Mb) Chr 13 has a ROH of length 16460 from position 49540727 to position 110970108 (61.43 Mb) Chr 15 has a ROH of length 1199 from position 58440194 to position 62114865 ( 3.67 Mb) Chr 16 has a ROH of length 4688 from position 6148030 to position 21677026 (15.53 Mb) Chr 16 has a ROH of length 12543 from position 50281671 to position 90148979 (39.87 Mb) Chr 19 has a ROH of length 3718 from position 17013919 to position 36932941 (19.92 Mb) Chr 19 has a ROH of length 2753 from position 45416478 to position 54567253 ( 9.15 Mb) (1 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous) Chr 19 has a ROH of length 1211 from position 55447572 to position 59097160 ( 3.65 Mb) Chr 20 has a ROH of length 8619 from position 15714961 to position 51680456 (35.97 Mb) Chr 22 has a ROH of length 2045 from position 45894122 to position 51211392 ( 5.32 Mb) Chr X has a ROH of length 9633 from position 2700157 to position 91523596 (88.82 Mb) Chr X has a ROH of length 7959 from position 91835588 to position 154916845 (63.08 Mb) (2 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous) Chr Y has a ROH of length 885 from position 2655180 to position 58883690 (56.23 Mb) Total ROH Mb: 966.00 Total genome Mb: 3155.26 The detected ROHs account for 30.616 % of the reported genome. The following percentages are for individual homozygous SNPs, not just those in ROHs. Chr 1: 84.106 % (48165 of 57267 SNPs) are homozygous, 50 No-Calls, 1 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 2: 71.657 % (40108 of 55972 SNPs) are homozygous, 77 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 3: 77.183 % (35326 of 45769 SNPs) are homozygous, 55 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 4: 74.773 % (29240 of 39105 SNPs) are homozygous, 53 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 5: 87.168 % (35651 of 40899 SNPs) are homozygous, 43 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 6: 77.450 % (35731 of 46134 SNPs) are homozygous, 44 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 7: 70.587 % (25892 of 36681 SNPs) are homozygous, 40 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 8: 73.529 % (26263 of 35718 SNPs) are homozygous, 51 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 9: 80.511 % (25633 of 31838 SNPs) are homozygous, 24 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 10: 82.328 % (31175 of 37867 SNPs) are homozygous, 53 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 11: 78.640 % (27848 of 35412 SNPs) are homozygous, 50 No-Calls, 1 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 12: 78.200 % (26860 of 34348 SNPs) are homozygous, 39 No-Calls, 1 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 13: 87.996 % (23728 of 26965 SNPs) are homozygous, 33 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 14: 71.687 % (16212 of 22615 SNPs) are homozygous, 29 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 15: 72.561 % (15245 of 21010 SNPs) are homozygous, 19 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 16: 93.876 % (20665 of 22013 SNPs) are homozygous, 26 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 17: 69.607 % (13666 of 19633 SNPs) are homozygous, 14 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 18: 70.639 % (14885 of 21072 SNPs) are homozygous, 26 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 19: 87.054 % (12541 of 14406 SNPs) are homozygous, 23 No-Calls, 1 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 20: 84.174 % (15047 of 17876 SNPs) are homozygous, 21 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 21: 69.205 % ( 6879 of 9940 SNPs) are homozygous, 12 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr 22: 74.293 % ( 7436 of 10009 SNPs) are homozygous, 7 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr X: 99.989 % (17602 of 17604 SNPs) are homozygous, 53 No-Calls, 2 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr Y: 885 SNPs, 0 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Chr XY: 440 SNPs, 0 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous Total autosomal (Chr 1-22): 0.116 % ( 789 of 682549 SNPs) are NoCalls Total autosomal (Chr 1-22): 21.735 % (148353 of 682549 SNPs) are Heterozygous (this tally excludes 4 heterozygous SNPs that were treated as homozygous) Total autosomal (Chr 1-22): 78.265 % (534196 of 682549 SNPs) are Homozygous (this tally includes 4 heterozygous SNPs that were treated as homozygous) Processing Completed.
or…
https://www.gedmatch.com/fcgi-bin/v_compare_parents2.cgi?u=766
Thanks for any help, or just listening.
Thanks for commenting. I sent you an email.
Hi! I’m working with a male adoptee (1974) very similar to Gordon. The adoptee knows his birthmother and we have been able to construct a large tree including 50+ of his matches from Ancestry and 23andMe. However, we have not found a distinct paternal line. From Gedmatch, there were 890 total segments greater than 7 cM ——-suggesting a parental relationship of 3560 cM! Can we conclude parent-child from this high number OR do we still have to consider birthmother’s 3 older brothers as potential birthfather? I can email kit# to you for your consideration if you have time to take a quick look. Like Gordon, the birthmother doesn’t want further contact after being pressed for birthfather’s identity and family does have an array of incestual relationships on record. Thank you.
The birth father could be either her father or one of her brothers. I’d be happy to take a look, although it may be a week or two before I can get to it. theDNAgeek at gmail
Thank you for this very interesting article. I am trying to understand it, but that isn’t happening at the moment. What is confusing me is this statement made in your article:
“If Oscar is Gordon’s father, none of Gordon’s ROH should map to Mattieson cousins (although some non-ROH regions will map to those relatives).”
Why wouldn’t there be any ROH mapping to the grandmother, if the grandmother is Gordon’s mother’s biological mother? Earlier in the article it was stated that the child got the ROHs from their parents who got them from their parents (the child’s grandparents).
Please help me to understand this.
This was feared to be my story, too. When it was first learned that the daddy who raised me was not my biological father, a very upsetting accusation was made against my long-dead maternal grandfather. I had a total meltdown and nearly ended it all.
Then, I learned of the Are Your Parent’s Related tool on GEDmatch. I can’t tell you how many times I checked my kit against that tool. It always gave me the same answer, that they were not recently related. I do not doubt that my grandfather did what he was accused of as another female in the family corroborated it. But, Grandpa is not my biological father. I can’t begin to tell you what an overwhelming sense of relief that AYPR tool gave me!
Oh my! I’m so glad the Are Your Parents Related tool was able to reassure you!
Re the ROH: They happen because the person inherited the same segments from both parents. If Tony had been Gordon’s father, some of those ROH should have come from Florence-to-Tony-to-Gordon and some from Florence-to-Helene-to-Gordon, so some of them should map to Florence’s relatives. The fact that none of them did was more evidence that Oscar was the father.
Thank you. I am so very glad to be beyond that emotionally devastating time. Now, if only parental rejection could be remedied so easily.
Thank you for explaining further about the ROH. I think that I get it now. I found one ROH segment (about 11cM) in the DNA of a cousin. When I add this to her DNAPainter map, I am assuming that I put it in both the maternal and the paternal sections and that should help me to figure out the line her parents have in common. Is there a possibility of ROH segments being false like with regular segments?
My mom has a short ROH (about 8 cM). Her parents were fourth cousins. Not a big deal at all.
I haven’t seen cases of ROH being false. In fact, the new algorithm at GEDmatch is more likely to miss ROH that are real.
Thank you for clarifying these things for me. Have a blessed weekend. 🙂
Largest segment = 83.1 cM
Total of segments > 7 cM = 786.1 cM
If you have time to help me sort through the ROH DAD/Brother. I would be grateful.
I suggest using BanyanDNA. https://bit.ly/banyanDNA